---
title: What are decorators in Python?
description: What are decorators in Python?
---
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# What are decorators in Python?
Decorators in Python are essentially functions that add functionality to an existing function in Python without changing the structure of the function itself. They are represented the @decorator\_name in Python and are called in a bottom-up fashion. For example:
\# decorator function to convert to lowercase
def lowercase\_decorator(function):
def wrapper():
func = function()
string\_lowercase = func.lower()
return string\_lowercase
return wrapper
\# decorator function to split words
def splitter\_decorator(function):
def wrapper():
func = function()
string\_split = func.split()
return string\_split
return wrapper
@splitter\_decorator # this is executed next
@lowercase\_decorator # this is executed first
def hello():
return 'Hello World'
hello() # output =\> \[ 'hello' , 'world' \]
The beauty of the decorators lies in the fact that besides adding functionality to the output of the method, they can even accept arguments for functions and can further modify those arguments before passing it to the function itself. The inner nested function, i.e. 'wrapper' function, plays a significant role here. It is implemented to enforce encapsulation and thus, keep itself hidden from the global scope.
\# decorator function to capitalize names
def names\_decorator(function):
def wrapper(arg1, arg2):
arg1 = arg1.capitalize()
arg2 = arg2.capitalize()
string\_hello = function(arg1, arg2)
return string\_hello
return wrapper
@names\_decorator
def say\_hello(name1, name2):
return 'Hello ' + name1 + '! Hello ' + name2 + '!'
say\_hello('sara', 'ansh') # output =\> 'Hello Sara! Hello Ansh!'
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